Every few years, a census of farmers is conducted in the United States by the National Association of Agricultural Statistics (NASS) - a subset of the USDA. NASS prepares reports based on the data they collect. These normally focus on commodity crops (corn, soybeans, wheat, etc), however, NASS is also responsible for preparing reports on other “specialty” and “horticultural” crops as well. Unfortunately, the last “Census of Horticultural Specialties” (Specialty crops include vegetables, cut flowers, trees, landscaping, etc.) was conducted in 2014 - so that’s the most recent dataset available. The results of that census were published in this 500-page report.
My favorite report is this Summary of Vegetable Estimates for 2008-2012 which provides detailed data for 20+ key specialty crops by state. Here are two examples of tables included in that report, both of them show the results of the 2012 harvest, the first is grouped by crop, the second is grouped by state:
Principal Fresh Market Vegetable Area Planted and Harvested and Production by Crop –United States: 2008-2012 (Metric Units)
Principal Fresh Market Vegetable Area Planted and Harvested, Production, and Value – by State and United States: 2008-2012
The same census of farmers, is used by NASS to prepare the Vegetable Cultivars, Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates - by State Report - which provides a list of the common cultivars that are grown in every state that produces a crop at scale. As an example, @Jamira Here is the data for Brocolli:
Furthermore, it also provides the planting/harvesting dates for that crop in that state as well.
Please ask questions if you have difficulty searching these reports.
I would love for more teachers and students to be able to use this public data to determine what plants are produced in a specific state, or to discover where their favorite food is grown now - so please don’t hesitate to ask!